鼻炎的种类

鼻炎多种多样，常见的有变应性鼻炎、非变应性鼻炎、萎缩性鼻炎、妊娠期鼻炎、职业性鼻炎等。其中我们最常见的过敏性鼻炎属于变应性鼻炎的一种。

导致过敏性鼻炎的病因

当暴露于过敏原后，特应性个体会产生变应原特异性免疫球蛋白E（immunoglobulin E，IgE）。这些IgE抗体与呼吸道黏膜肥大细胞上的IgE受体以及外周血中的嗜碱性粒细胞结合。

当随后吸入相同的变应原时，IgE抗体会通过变应原桥接到细胞表面，导致细胞激活。鼻组织中的肥大细胞会释放已形成的颗粒相关的化学介质，引起过敏性鼻炎的症状。

症状表现

1	过敏性鼻炎主要表现为阵发性喷嚏、鼻溢、鼻塞和鼻部瘙痒；
2	常见症状还有鼻后滴漏、咳嗽、易激惹及疲劳；
3	部分患者出现腭部和内耳瘙痒；
4	伴过敏性结膜炎患者有双眼瘙痒、流泪和/或灼烧感；
5	幼儿通常不会擤鼻涕，而有可能反复地喷鼻息、吸鼻子、咳嗽及清喉；
6	一些儿童用舌头刮擦瘙痒的腭部，产生弹响声（腭部咔嗒音），常于春季或秋冬换季时发作。

日常注意事项

1	避免接触过敏的物质，如果过敏性鼻炎患者症状比较严重，需要到医院检测过敏原；
2	要注意生活环境的清洁、安静。如果对花粉过敏，室内不要养花；如果对动物皮毛、毛屑过敏的，尽量不要养宠物；
3	做好心理疏导，避免出现焦虑等一些情绪；
4	注意每年过敏性鼻炎发作的时间、地点以及诱因，在发作季节前可以提前用药来避免或者减轻已经出现的症状；
5	过敏性鼻炎的患者会伴有支气管哮喘、荨麻疹、喉头水肿等一些症状，如果出现上述症状，要及时就医，否则有生命危险；
6	在寒冷或者花粉比较多的季节，外出的时候要佩戴口罩，以减少过敏原的吸入。

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