各种原因导致气体进入胸膜腔造成积气状态时，称为气胸。正常胸膜腔没有气体存在，为负压状态，当支气管、肺组织或胸壁损伤出现裂口，气体从破损处进入胸膜腔，造成胸腔积气状态，即形成气胸。

发生气胸时胸膜腔内负压消失，失去了对肺的牵引作用，使肺失去膨胀能力，表现为肺容积缩小、肺活量减低、通气功能障碍，以及低氧血症。大量气胸时，胸膜腔内甚至变成正压，对肺产生压迫，同时引起心率增快、血压降低，甚至休克。张力性气胸还可引起纵隔移位，致循环障碍。

气胸患者常突然感觉到患侧胸痛，因气体进入胸膜腔刺激末梢神经所致。气体进入胸膜腔后，会造成部分肺组织萎陷，导致呼吸不顺畅，进而患者表现为胸闷及呼吸困难，患者不能平卧，需采取健侧卧位或半卧位缓解。当气胸程度较重时会影响患者的循环系统，导致患者出现发绀、休克、晕厥等症状；当气体刺激胸膜时，还会出现咳嗽；当气胸合并出血时，表现为面色苍白、血压下降等。

如何预防气胸？

预防主要针对反复发生的气胸患者

1

要尽量避免剧烈运动、咳嗽、提重物或上臂高举、举重运动、用力解大便等易诱发气胸的动作。

2

保持良好的饮食习惯，戒烟、戒酒，多进食粗纤维食物,保持大便通畅。

3

注意保暖，保持空气清洁，防止上呼吸感染。

4

气胸未完全治愈时，应避免乘坐飞机，禁止潜水、跳水等活动。

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